We use neuropsychological assessments along with MRI measures of brain structure and function to better understand how cognitive and psychological difficulties develop in adults. We have three overarching research goals: 1) investigate the neural, neuropsychological, and behavioral correlates of various types of stress (e.g., childhood adversity, chronic stress, social discrimination) in adults; 2) identify the neural mechanisms responsible for HIV-related neuropsychological impairments; and 3) reveal the neural mechanisms through which childhood adversity contributes to increased neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms in adults living with HIV.